The six “tribes” of quantum computers

 The six “tribes” of quantum computers

From the Bible we know the twelve tribes of Israel. In the era of quantum applications in which we live nowadays, it is worth knowing the six ‘tribes’ of quantum computers.

Quantum computers can be classified into six main ‘tribes’, each of which uses different technology and principles. Let's look at them one by one:

1.    Superconducting Qubits (Quantum Bits):

o  Description. The qubits are created using Josephson junctions (sandwiches of two superconductors enclosing a thin non-superconducting layer so that electrons can pass through the barrier - the coherence of the wavefunction in the superconductor results in a direct or alternating current), which allow for fast manipulation and measurement.

o   Key feature: It is currently one of the most developed and widely used types of quantum computers, used by companies such as IBM and Google.

2.    Trapped ions:

o    Description: This technology uses trapped ions as qubits, which are manipulated using lasers. Individual ions are held in place by electromagnetic fields and their quantum states are controlled by precise laser pulses.

  o      Key feature: They offer high coherence times and scalability, meaning they can maintain their quantum state for longer periods of time.

3.    Topological Qubits:

o   Description: this approach uses special states of matter, known as anyons, which are more resistant to errors due to their topological properties.

o   Key feature: Promises inherent fault tolerance, potentially making these qubits much more stable than others.

4.    Photonic quantum computers:

o    Description: These computers use photons as qubits. Quantum information is managed using optical devices such as beam splitters and phase shifters.

 o   Key feature: They can operate at room temperature and are excellent for certain types of quantum algorithms because of their speed and ease of integration into existing technologies.

5.    Quantum dots:

o     Description: Quantum dots are tiny semiconductor particles that can confine electrons or holes in three dimensions, acting as qubits. They rely on the spins of electrons or excitons to perform quantum operations.

o   Key feature: They can be integrated into existing semiconductor technology, potentially   leading to easier scalability.

6.    Neutral atoms:

o  Description: This type uses neutral atoms trapped in optical lattices or optical tweezers. The qubits are based on the internal states of these atoms and their interactions.

o  Key feature: They can provide significant flexibility in qubit design and are ideal for scalable quantum networks.

Each of these "tribes" offers a unique methodological approach to quantum computing, with different advantages and challenges, shaping the future of this technology.